Santa Fe River

Rapid Ecological Project Assessment

Alachua County Forever

Draft Date:                             January 22, 2003

Matrix Score:                         8.96 of 9.44

Size:                                        13,722 acres

Number of Parcels                 364

Number of Owners                 218

Number of Buildings              210

 

Location / Description: 

The 13,722 acre Santa Fe River (SFR) Project is a linear corridor along the Santa Fe River that follows the northern border of Alachua County.  It is located in unincorporated Alachua County, except for 190 acres that lie within the City of High Springs.  Sites and conservation lands directly connected to the SFR project are the Santa Fe Swamp, Lake Alto Swamp, O’Leno State Park, River Rise Preserve, Poe Springs, Santa Fe Creek, several Suwannee River Water Management District conservation lands, and the Mill Creek (Pareners Branch), Burnette Lake (Rocky Creek), Buck Bay Flatwoods (Monteocha Creek) and Northeast Flatwoods Alachua County Forever (ACF) projects, Map 1. Approximately 3,719 acres of the SFR project are on existing acquisition lists; 3,070 acres are on the Suwannee River Water Management Districts 5 year Florida Forever Plan and 649 acres are on the State Recreation and Parks Optimum Park Boundary, Map 2. 

The SFR project is a combination of two projects from the Alachua County Ecological Inventory Project (KBN Study); Santa Fe River and Hornsby Springs.  The Santa Fe River project was ranked number 1 of 47 projects evaluated in the county, and categorized as the highest rated site, KBN 1996. The Hornsby Springs project was ranked second in the county and categorized as high, KBN 1996.  The purpose of the KBN Study was to identify, inventory, map, describe, and evaluate the most significant natural biological communities, both upland and wetland, that remain in private ownership in Alachua County and make recommendations for protecting these natural resources, KBN 1996. 

              The KBN Study summarized the Santa Fe River project by stating that, “This is the entire Santa Fe River corridor from O’Leno State Park across the north boundary of Alachua County to the edge of the Suwannee River Water Management District’s properties at Lake Alto Swamp and Santa Fe Swamp. This is a critically important wildlife corridor connecting most of the various wildlife habitat areas in northern Alachua County to one another and to many areas to the north and west of the county. The site includes the river itself, the forested floodplain on the south side of the river, and a varying amount of upland forest adjacent to the floodplain. The intention was to have about as much upland above the 100-year floodplain as floodplain in the site in order to provide for a viable ecosystem from a landscape ecology perspective and a complete and viable wildlife corridor. The river is in excellent condition. The forest varies from place to place over this long stretch, but is mostly mature hardwood forest of various kinds, often with some bald-cypress (Taxodium distichum), and it is mostly in good condition. There is little development of any kind within the corridor”, KBN 1996.

            The Hornsby Springs project was summarized by the following paragraph, “This site has a first magnitude, crystal clear, artesian spring and a clear spring run of nearly one mile in length, two segments of the Santa Fe River (one about ¼ mile and the other about ½ mile in length), some magnificent, mature upland mixed forest (mesic hammock), floodplain forest, swamp forest, an unusual patch of scrub, and a  number of sinkholes and sinkhole ponds, including at least two that are open to the waters of the Floridan aquifer (blue holes).  This is one of the most spectacular natural areas in the County.  However, it is not without some human impacts.  The upland next to the spring is developed into a major camp ground with several large buildings and many smaller ones, the spring itself has been developed into a recreation area with docks and board walks, and there are areas of improved pasture on some of the uplands”, KBN 1996.

Protecting Water Resources:                                   

The SFR has geologic and hydrologic conditions that would easily enable contamination of the Floridan aquifer that has value as drinking water source.  The site consists of the River itself, most of the uplands and floodplain in private ownership along the Alachua County portion of the Santa Fe River.  Because the River travels the width of the county, it falls in all three Aquifer confinement zones; confined, unconfined and perforated, Macesich, 1998.  There are many karst features along the River including springs, swallow holes and underground caves that provide a direct connection to the Floridan Aquifer.  A portion of the river goes completely underground.    

According to both the St. Johns River Water Management District’s Aquifer Recharge Map of Alachua County and Aucott, 1988, the level of groundwater recharge varies over the course of the River.  However, neither of the above mentioned sources agree on the level of recharge or discharge along the River.  Further study is necessary to determine the level of groundwater recharge in the vicinity of the Santa Fe River.  It is safe to say that water from the Santa Fe River does mix with the Floridan Aquifer, and that water is both recharged into and discharged from the aquifer. 

The KBN study described the River as follows, “The upper part of the Santa Fe River receives its water from Santa Fe Swamp and Lake Alto Swamp.  At U.S. 301, it is an oligotrophic, blackwater stream at an elevation of 135 feet above sea level.  Its bed is underlain by thick Hawthorn Formation sediments that include a thick layer of clay.  Thus, the river and the swamps from which it flows are perched above the Floridan Aquifer. Water levels in this part of the river fluctuate only moderately. 

Eight miles down stream where the Sampson River joins the Santa Fe at elevation 105 feet, the Santa Fe River is becoming a mesotrophic blackwater river with somewhat more water level fluctuation.  Pond-cypress (Taxodium ascendens) has been replaced by bald-cypress, reflecting these changes.

A dozen or so more miles down stream at elevation 80 feet at Mud Swamp, the river has slightly more fertility and water level variability.  Black willow (Salix nigra) has now replaced coastal plain willow (Salix carolinaiana) as one of the dominant trees, and the flood plain has broadened considerably.

The next seven miles down stream go through a narrow floodplain area until the New River joins the Santa Fe.  Elevation here is about 60 feet above sea level.  Starting at about Worthington Springs, the river gradually starts to become a spring fed river, thus increasing flow, clarity, pH, calcium content, temperature stability, and overall fertility.  The floodplain broadens considerably once again.

About seven additional miles downstream at an elevation of about 40 feet Olustee Creek joins the river. From here for the next two miles to I-75 and the start of O’Leno State Park, the river is intermingling freely with the Floridan Aquifer, and is deep, broad and slow moving.  Apple snails (Pomacea paludosa) are in evidence for the first time, indicating the higher calcium levels in the water.  Even here, the water is dark, and the character of the river is more like that of a blackwater river than a typical Florida spring fed river. It is not until the river goes underground in O’Leno State Park and comes up again at the River Rise, that it dramatically changes to a strongly spring fed river.

This [the Hornsby Springs Area] is an active geologic area with sinkholes, a major artesian spring, a major river, and a large cutoff river meander.  It is an area where the river and the Floridan Aquifer are in contact with each other.  The primary interaction is the discharge of water from the aquifer into the river, but there are also “suck holes” in this general stretch of the river, so water can flow in both directions.”, KBN 1996.

Approximately 51% of the SFR project is wetlands, contains hydric soils, or falls within the FEMA 100 or 500 year flood hazard zone.  The SFR project includes the Santa Fe River, and various springs, sinkholes, cave systems, swamps and creeks.  The conservation of this property will protect and improve surface water quality and serve an important flood management functions.

Protecting Natural Communities and Landscapes:

 

Natural Communities


Sandhill

Former Sandhill

Xeric Hammock

Wet Flatwoods

Mesic Flatwoods

Bog

Baygall

Calcareous Mesic Hammock

Upland Mixed Forest

Upland Pine Forest

Scrub

Scrubby Flatwoods

Seepage Slope Forest

Depression Marsh

Basin Swamp

Dome Swamp

Swamp Lake

Slope Forest

Slough

Spring-Fed River

Spring-run Stream

Aquatic Cave

Major River

1st Magnitude Spring

Sinkhole

Sinkhole Pond

Strand Swamp

Flatwoods/ Prairie Lake

Floodplain Forest

Floodplain Swamp

Floodplain Pond

Hydric Hammock

Willow/Birch Swamp

River Floodplain Lake

Blackwater Stream

Bottomland Forest

 

 

Other

Old Field Succession Forest

Old Field Pine Plantation

Rough Pasture

Improved Pasture

Row Crops

Low Impact Development

High Impact Development

Farm Pond


The above list of natural communities is from the KBN Report, KBN 1996.  The ecological quality of the natural communities is good to very good. 

The SFR Project provides critical connections within and outside of Alachua County. The KBN study describes the Santa Fe River by saying, “This is the most important connector in Alachua County.  It provides an excellent connection from Lake Alto Swamp and the Northeast Flatwoods to O’Leno State Park and the River Rise Preserve.  Its tributary creeks provide connectors of varying strength to all the rest of the sites in the northern part of Alachua County.  Even San Felasco Hammock State Preserve and its satellite sites are tenuously connected in this way.  In addition, the river’s tributaries on the north side, such as the New River, Olustee Creek, and Sampson Creek provide wildlife connections as far north as the Osceola National Forest, which is, in turn connected to the Okefenokee Swamp in Georgia.” KBN 1996.

 Sites and conservation lands directly connected to the Santa Fe River are O’Leno State Park, River Rise Preserve, Poe Springs, Santa Fe Creek, Santa Fe Swamp, Lake Alto Swamp, and several other Suwannee River Water Management District conservation lands.  The Mill Creek (Pareners Branch), Burnette Lake (Rocky Creek), Buck Bay Flatwoods (Monteocha Creek) and Northeast Flatwoods ACF projects are adjacent to the SFR project.

Approximately 75% of the project site is within the Florida Ecological Greenways Network (FEGN).  About 92% is in the priority 5 Santa Fe River project, 7% is in the priority 3 Ocala-Lochloosa- Paynes Prairie- Newnans Lake Project, and the remaining 3% is in an un-named priority 6 project area.

 The Florida Ecological Greenways Network is a decision support model to help identify the best opportunities to protect ecological connectivity statewide.  It was developed by the University of Florida for the Florida Department of Environmental Protection.  GIS data on land use and significant ecological areas were integrated in a process that identified a statewide Ecological Greenways Network containing all of the largest areas of ecological and natural resource significance and the landscape linkages necessary to link these areas together in one functional statewide network, Hoctor et al. 2002. 

The SFR project was designed by the authors of the KBN Study to be a viable ecosystem from a landscape ecology perspective and a complete and viable wildlife corridor.  While ACF staff expanded the length and in some cases the width of the corridor they have maintained the intent of the project.

Approximately 4% of the SFR falls within a Wading Bird Strategic Habitat Conservation Area.  Strategic Habitat Conservation Areas were developed by the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FFWCC).  They are private lands containing habitats critical to the continued survival of populations of inadequately protected plants and animals, Cox et al. 2000.  These lands are essential to providing some of state’s rarest animals, plants, and natural communities with the land base necessary to sustain populations into the future, Cox et al. 1994. 

Approximately 30% of the site is in the Florida Natural Areas Inventory (FNAI) Habitat Conservation Priorities.  FNAI’s Habitat Conservation Priorities prioritize places on the landscape that would protect both the greatest number of rare species and those species with the greatest conservation need, Florida Natural Areas Inventory, June 2001.

About 5% of the SFR project is delineated as pine flatwoods and upland hardwood forest, Under-represented Natural Communities.  Under-represented Natural Communities are those natural community types that were inadequately represented on conservation lands in Florida.  A natural community is considered to be inadequately represented if less than 15% of the original extent of that community is currently found on existing conservation lands.  Under-represented natural communities include, seepage slope, upland hardwood forest, pine rockland, tropical hardwood hammock, sandhill, scrub, upland glades, and pine flatwoods. This data was developed by the Office of Environmental Services, Florida Department of Environmental Protection and FNAI, FNAI, December 2001. 

Protecting plant and Animal Species:

Common Name                     Endemic/ Large                   Fed/State               FCREPA/FNAI     Noted      Observed

                                                Home-Range                         Status                    Designation

Fish

Suwannee Bass                                    X/-                          -/SSC                      -/S3                                         N            

Amphibians

Flatwoods Salamander                        -/-                            T/-                           R/S2S3                                   SM                          No

Gopher Frog                                          -/-                            -/SSC                      T/S3                                        SM,K                      P

Rusty Mud Salamander                                                                                                                                                                      P*

Southern Dusky Salamander                                                                                                                                                              C*

Striped Newt                                         -/-                            -/-                            R/S2S3                                   SM                          No

Reptiles

Alligator Snapping Turtle                   -/-                            -/SSC                      SSC/S3                                   SM,N,K                  P

American Alligator                              -/-                            T/SSC                     -/S4                                         SM,K                      P

Canebrake Rattlesnake                                                                                                                                                                        P

Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake    -/-                            -/-                            -/S3                                         SM,N                      P

Eastern Indigo Snake                          -/-                            T/T                         SSC/S3                                   SM,N                      No

Florida Crowned Snake                       X/-                          -/-                            -/-                                            SM

Florida Pine Snake                               -/-                            -/SSC                      SU/S3                                     SM,K                      P

Gopher Tortoise                                   -/-                            -/SSC                      T/S3                                        F,N,K                      C

Loggerhead Musk Turtle                    -/-                            -/-                            -/-                                                                            P*

Peninsula Mole Skink                          -/-                            -/-                            -/-                                            SM                          No

Suwannee Cooter                                 X/-                          -/SSC                      SSC/S3                                   SM,K                      P

Short-tailed Snake                                X/-                          -/T                           T/S3                                        SM                          C

Spotted Turtle                                      -/-                            -/-                            R/S3?                                      SM                          No

Birds

Bachman’s Sparrow                             -/-                            -/-                            -/S3                                         O

Black Rail                                               -/-                            -/-                            R/S3                                        SM

Cooper’s Hawk                                     -/-                            -/-                            SSC/S3                                   SM,O

Great Egret                                            -/-                            -/-                            SSC/S4                                   SM,O

Hairy Woodpecker                              -/-                            -/-                            SSC/S3                                   O

Limpkin                                                  -/-                            -/SSC                      SSC/S3                                   F,K,O

Little Blue Heron                                  -/-                            -/SSC                      SSC/S4                                   SM,K,O

Louisiana Waterthrush                       -/-                            -/-                            R/S3                                        SM,O

Osprey                                                   -/-                            -/-                            T/S3S4                                   SM,O

Snowy Egret                                         -/-                            -/SSC                      SSC/S3                                   O

Southeastern American Kestrel         -/-                            -/T                           T/S3                                        O

Southern Bald Eagle                            -/L                           T/T                         T/S3                                        O

Swallow-tailed Kite                              -/L                           -/-                            T/S2                                        F,S

White Ibis                                             -/-                            -/SSC                      SSC/S4                                   K,O

Wild Turkey                                          -/L                                                                                                           F,O

Wood Stork                                          -/-                            E/E                          E/S2                                        SM,K,O

Yellow-crowned Night Heron            -/-                            -/-                            SSC/S3?                                 O

Mammals

Bobcat                                                   -/L                           -/-                            -/-                                            F

Florida Black Bear                                X/L                         -/T                           T/S2                                        F,K

Northern Yellow Bat                            -/-                            -/-                            SU/-                                        SM

River Otter                                             -/-                            -/-                            -/-                                            SM

Round-tailed Muskrat                         X/-                          -/-                            SSC/S3                                   SM

Sherman’s Fox Squirrel                       -/-                            -/SSC                      T/S3                                        F

 

Invertebrates

Suwannee Moccasinshell                                                                                                                                   N

X= Endemic, L=species with large home ranges according to the Closing the Gaps in Florida’s Wildlife Habitat System, S= observed by Alachua Co. EPD staff and/or an LCB subcommittee member, SM= documented on the Species Models maps created by the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, F= Focal species used for the most detailed analyses in the Closing the Gaps in Florida’s Wildlife Habitat Conservation System, Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission, 1994, N= Florida Natural Areas Inventory Element Occurrence, P= potential for species based on habitat types, K=documented in the Alachua County Ecological Inventory Project, O=Oleno State Park, Bird Check List.

Information in the “Observed” column was provided by local experts.  David Auth, Ph.D. provided the information on amphibians and reptiles.   This data was based on a series of maps made by Dr. Auth using location of capture of specimens in museums of the United States dating back to before 1900, and to a lesser extent, to visual sightings by Dr. Auth and other professional biologists.  “P”=Present, indicates at least one museum record or visual sighting of the species in the project area. “C”=Close, indicates a museum record or visual sighting within one mile of the project border.  “No”=Not Present and Not Close, indicates all map records for the species lie outside the one mile limit.  “*”= Rare in County, While not on any list, these species have been determined to be rare in Alachua County by Dr. Auth.

Listed plants recorded in the KBN study are greenfly orchids, royal fern, cinnamon fern and pink azalea.  Staff found the state endangered spiked crested coralroot and the endemic big flowered pawpaw and Florida greeneyes in the SFR project area. Rare unlisted plants found on this property include: native wisteria, needle palm, and Christmas fern, KBN 1996.

Exotic plants found on the SFR site include camphor tree, mimosa, bahia grass and alligator weed, KBN 1996.  Staff noted both cogon and Johnson grass in the project area and water lettuce, hydrilla and water hyacinth in the River.

The FFWCC 2001 data shows one bald eagle nest within one mile of the SFR Project site and a second within 2.5 miles.

Approximately 40% of the site is within Regional Biodiversity Hotspots. The purpose of the Regional Biodiversity Hot Spots maps, developed by FFWCC, is to “convey more detailed information on the known locations of as many components of biological diversity as possible, regardless of whether or not they fall within proposed Strategic Habitat Conservation Areas, to help meet the need for conservation information at regional and local levels”, Cox et al. 1994.

Achieving Social and Human Values:

About 75% of the SFR is a Priority 1-4 Natural Resource-based Recreation Area, Knight, et al. 2000, and about 75% is within the Florida Ecological Greenways Network.  The Natural Resource-based Recreation map was developed by FNAI in collaboration with DEP, FFWCC and DOF.  The recreation potential of a site depends on available road access, presence of a water body or beach, proximity to urban areas, and size of the site.  “These criteria were applied to Potential Natural Areas delineated by FNAI using aerial photography and revised using the 1995 Water Management District land cover data. Sites were ranked by recreation potential.” Knight, et al. 2000. 

The SFR Project is part of the Emerald Necklace Land Conservation Initiative - “a publicly accessible, connected, and protected network of trails, greenways, open space, and waterfronts surrounding the Gainesville urban area”. 

The Santa Fe River is one of the premier nature-based recreation sites in the county.  The passive recreation potential of this site is excellent and could include hiking, fishing, canoeing, kayaking, nature study, birding and picnicking.  Acquisition of the SFR project would ensure that this invaluable resource is protected for future generations.

 

 

Management Issues:

            The SFR site is in excellent condition and would be relatively easy to maintain and manage due to good access, good connectivity, and relatively small amount of prescribed burning that is needed, KBN 1996.

Economic/ Acquisition Issues:

There are 364 parcels, 218 ownerships and 210 buildings listed in the Alachua County Property Appraisers (ACPA) data base for the 13,722 acre SFR Project.  The ACPA’s 2002 Just Value or land value for the entire project is $19,330,500 or $1,431/ acre.  The ACPA’s total value (Just, Miscellaneous and Building) for the project area is $31,424,000 or $2,290/ acre.  These figures are for comparative purposes between nominated properties, and are not necessarily an accurate reflection of the true cost of the property if acquired by the Alachua County Forever Program. 

The zoning and future land use is agriculture on approximately 98% of the SFR project.  The remainder of the area is in conservation/preservation, recreation or residential.  Approximately 190 acres of the SFR project lie within the City of High Springs; this entire area is designated residential.

Approximately 3,719 acres of the SFR project are on existing acquisition lists; 3,070 acres are on the Suwannee River Water Management Districts 5 year Florida Forever Plan and 649 acres are on the State Recreation and Parks Optimum Park Boundary.  Both the State Parks and the SRWMD are potential partners. 

      Keystone parcels in the SFR project include all parcels on the State Parks optimum boundary, the parcels included in the SRWMD’s five year plan, all parcels adjacent or nearly adjacent to existing conservation areas and the Robinson Sinks area.  This is essentially the entire project area.  

Other:

There are 45 archeological sites within the perimeter of the SFR project site as listed on the Florida Master Site Files by the Division of Historical Resources.

Literature Citations:

Aucott, W. 1988. Water Resources Investigation Report 88-4057. USGS.

 

Cox, J., R. Kautz, M. MacLaughlin, and T. Gilbert. 1994.  Closing the Gaps in Florida’s Wildlife Habitat Conservation System, Office of Environmental Services, Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission, Tallahassee, Florida.

 

Cox, J. and R. Kautz. 2000. Habitat Conservation Needs of Rare and Imperiled Wildlife in Florida. Office of Environmental Services, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Tallahassee, Florida.

 

Florida Natural Areas Inventory. June 2001. Florida Forever Conservation Needs Assessment Technical Report

 

Hoctor, T.S., J. Teisinger, M.G. Carr., P.C, Zwick. 2002. Identification of Critical Linkages Within the Florida Ecological Greenways Network. Final Report. Office of Greenways and Trails, Florida Department of Environmental Protection. Tallahassee, FL.

 

Knight, G., A. Knight, and J. Oetting. 2000. Florida Forever Conservation Needs Assessment Summary Report to the Florida Forever Advisory Council. Florida Natural Areas Inventory.

 

KBN, A Golder Associates Company. 1996. Alachua County Ecological Inventory Project. Prepared for Alachua County Department of Growth Management, Gainesville, Florida.

 

Macesich, M. 1988.  Geologic Interpretation of the Aquifer Pollution Potential in Alachua County, Florida, Open File Report - 21.  Florida Geologic Survey, Tallahassee, Florida.

 

Florida Natural Areas Inventory. December 2001. Florida Forever Conservation Needs Assessment Version 1.1 Supplement to the technical Report June 2001. Tallahassee, Florida.